BackgroundOrgan transplantation represents the most effective and acceptable therapy for end-stage organ failure. However, its frequent practice often leads to a shortage of organs worldwide. To solve this dilemma, some countries, such as Portugal, have switched from an opt-in to an opt-out system, which has raised concerns about respect for individual autonomy. We aimed to evaluate whether young university students are aware of this opt-out system so that they can make informed, autonomous and conscious decisions, as well as to identify (...) the factors that determine a positive attitude toward post-mortem organ donation.MethodsAn observational, cross-sectional study was developed and a questionnaire was administered to first-year students from six faculties of the University of Porto.ResultsOf the 841 participants, 60% were unaware that Portugal had adopted an opt-out system. Among the informed individuals, their main sources of information included social media, internet, and family. Furthermore, only 48% of all participants agreed with the current opt-out system. Female sex (p = 0.049; OR 1.393), knowledge of the law (p < 0.001; OR 4.749) and family being the primary source of information (p < 0.001; OR 2.855) were independent factors associated with a positive attitude toward post-mortem organ donation law.ConclusionsThere is a significant lack of knowledge among young university students regarding the presumed post-mortem organ donation law and how it works. Female sex, having family as a primary source of information and being aware of the presumed post-mortem organ donation law are the strongest independent factors that determine a positive attitude toward the opt-out system. (shrink)

Trata-se de uma pesquisa sobre a Difusão Cultural enquanto ação promotora e oportuna para as manifestações culturais locais e de conhecimento informacional e histórico cultural, particularmente em Unidades de Informação (UI), cujo objetivo geral foi compreender o conceito de Difusão Cultural nas Unidades de Informação, a partir da produção científica brasileira. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória e bibliográfica com o uso do método de Revisão Sistemática de Literatura (RSL) por conta de seu caráter auditável, reprodutível, imparcial e que (...) reduz o número de vieses na pesquisa, sendo estruturada em 7 etapas: questão de pesquisa, estratégia de busca, critérios de inclusão e exclusão, busca da literatura, avaliação e seleção dos dados, extração dos dados e síntese. As bases de dados pesquisas foram SCIELO, Repositório do IBICT, BDTD, Web of Science e BRAPCI, no período de 2000 a 2021, sendo que o software utilizado para tratamento dos dados foi o StArt. Como conclusão, verificou-se que a Difusão Cultural é utilizada como ferramenta de disseminação da informação, estruturada, dialógica e assertiva que age sobre o usuário na construção do conhecimento, na apropriação da informação e da cultura além de abrir caminhos para divulgação das UI e reconhecimento de seu papel e importância na sociedade. (shrink)

RESUMO O presente artigo toma como objeto de investigação a relação entre literatura e educação. Nossa posição hiante de professor-pesquisador é aquela que nos autoriza a recolher testemunhos de experiência docente, bem como extrair elementos interrogantes de ambas as margens, arriscando pensar a respeito da potência deste encontro entre “experiência estética da literatura” e “discurso pedagógico”. Alguns estudos tem nos apontado que a relação intrigante entre literatura e educação convida os protagonistas e espectadores da cena escolar cotidiana a inaugurarem outros (...) modos de existência, produzindo assim um reposicionamento do lugar de narratividade e de enunciação dos discursos que os constituem. Em companhia de autores como Giorgio Agambem, Walter Benjamin, Clarice Lispector e Roland Barthes, desafiamo-nos a percorrer alguns temas como linguagem, infância e alteridade, dedicando-nos a pensar a elaboração simbólica da experiência existencial através da literatura. Em nossa pesquisa, assumimos, por excelência, um compromisso com o lugar da formação, entendendo esta última como um contínuo e ininterrupto trabalho sobre si mesmo, efeito de certo modo de tomar a linguagem como criação, escritura poética. Nossa hipótese é de que a presença da literatura no cenário escolar produz um deslocamento do lugar e da função docente, inscrevendo modificações importantes, alterando os contornos que formam a suposta postura pedagógica investida de saber-poder. Inclinamo-nos a pensar que quando nos entregamos às práticas de escrita, leitura e narração de histórias algo acontece e este “algo” traz contribuições importantes para refazer os contornos do campo pedagógico instituído. Palavras-chave: 1. Linguagem. 2. Formação. 3. Alteridade. RESUMEN: El presente artigo tiene como objeto de investigación la relación entre literatura y educación. Nuestra posición abierta de profesor/investigador es la que nos autoriza a recoger testimonios de experiencia docente, así como extraer elementos interrogantes de ambas las márgenes, arriesgando pensar con respecto de la potencia de este encuentro entre “experiencia estética de la literatura” y “discurso pedagógico”. Algunos estudios están señalándonos que la relación intrigante entre literatura y educación invita a los protagonistas y espectadores de la escena escolar cotidiana para que inauguren otros modos de existencia, produciendo así un reposicionamiento de la posición de narratividad y de enunciación de los discursos que los constituyen. En compañía de autores como Giorgio Agambem, Walter Benjamin, Clarice Lispector e Roland Barthes, nos desafiamos a recorrer algunos temas como lenguaje, infancia y alteridad dedicándonos a pensar la elaboración simbólica de la experiencia existencial a través de la literatura. En nuestra investigación, asumimos, por excelencia, un compromiso con el lugar de la formación, entendiendo ésta última como un continuo e ininterrumpido trabajo sobre sí mismo, efecto de cierto modo de tomar el lenguaje como creación, escritura poética. Nuestra hipótesis es que la presencia de la literatura en el escenario escolar produce un desplazamiento del lugar y de la función docente, inscribiendo modificaciones importantes, alterando los contornos que forman la presunta postura pedagógica investida de saber/poder. Nos inclinamos a pensar que cuando nos entregamos a las prácticas de escrita, lectura y narración de historias algo acontece y este “algo” trae aportes importantes para rehacer los contornos del campo pedagógico instituido. Palabras clave: 1. Lenguaje. 2. Formación. 3. Alteridad. ABSTRACT: This article's research object is the relationship between literature and education. Our position of teacher-researcher is one that authorizes us to collect testimonies of the teaching experience, as well as extract interrogative elements from all of the margins, challenging us to think about the power of the encounter between "the aesthetic experience of literature" and "pedagogical discourse". Some studies have pointed us to the intriguing relationship between literature and education inviting the protagonists and viewers of the everyday school scene to begin with other modes of existence, thus producing a repositioning of narratives and the enunciation of the discourses that constitute them. In the company of authors such as Giorgio Agambem, Walter Benjamin, Clarice Lispector and Roland Barthes, we challenge ourselves to explore topics such as language, childhood and otherness that push us to think of the symbolic framing of existential experience through literature. We assume a pure commitment to the place of educational development in our research, understanding it as a continuous and uninterrupted work on oneself, the effect of a certain language of creation, a poetic writing. Our hypothesis is that the presence of literature in the school setting serves to decenter the role of the teacher, applying important modifications that alter the contours that form the supposed pedagogical stance invested in the knowledge-power relationship. We are led to believe that when we open ourselves up to the practices of writing, reading and storytelling something happens and this "something" brings important contributions to remaking the contours of the pedagogical field we are inserted in. Key words: 1. Language. 2. Educational Development. 3. Otherness. (shrink)

Por meio de uma revisão integrativa, busca-se identificar, dentro da produção científica brasileira, artigos que fazem intersecção entre os temas do luto e da velhice, sob o olhar da psicanálise. Desta forma, se visa estabelecer qual o enfoque dado ao idoso e qual a visão apresentada pela psicanálise para um trabalho com esta população que se encontra mais propensa a rupturas e perdas. Assim, se reconhece que há uma identificação de morte e finitude vinculada à figura do sujeito que envelhece, (...) mentalidade adotada pela lógica de consumo. Identificou-se de que forma as inúmeras perdas aliadas ao envelhecimento suscitam no idoso um processo de luto que, segundo a psicanálise, pode ser definido como o afeto resultante da perda de um objeto libidinal. Verifica-se, assim, a importância de um acompanhamento aos idosos que vise desobstruir a via do desejo e criar novas perspectivas de vida, sobretudo nesta fase do desenvolvimento, que como todas as outras, possui características e desafios particulares. (shrink)

Os discursos da Biblioteconomia brasileira são objeto de estudo desta pesquisa, que se concentrou nos artigos publicados durante a década de 1980 na Revista de Biblioteconomia de Brasília. Essa revista, cujo primeiro número foi publicado em 1973, encerrou suas atividades em 2001 e teve como foco as áreas de Biblioteconomia, Ciência da Informação, Arquivologia e afins. Com a intenção de discutir sobre dois conceitos centrais da Biblioteconomia - o de biblioteca e o de bibliotecário - analisamos as produções que versavam (...) sobre tais categorias de análise. A pesquisa é, então, considerada exploratória, de cunho bibliográfico, cujo método empregado foi o da análise de conteúdo. Essa década foi marcada pela importância da informação e da tecnologia como fatores responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento social e econômico do país. A biblioteca, nesse contexto de uma sociedade da informação, é marcada pela discussão da automação de seus serviços e produtos. O bibliotecário, visto como um profissional da informação, também tem um importante papel a desempenhar na sociedade, inclusive, o de estar ao lado dos mais vulneráveis. (shrink)

Background : An enhancement in recall of simple instructions is found when actions are performed in comparison to when they are verbally presented – the subject-performed task effect. This enhancement has also been found with older adults. However, the reason why older adults, known to present a deficit in episodic memory, have a better performance for this type of information remains unclear. In this article, we explored this effect by comparing the performance on the SPT task with the performance on (...) other tasks, in order to understand the underlying mechanisms that may explain this effect. Objective : We hypothesized that both young and older adult groups should show higher recall in SPT compared with the verbal learning condition, and that the differences between age groups should be lower in the SPT condition. We aimed to explore the correlations between these tasks and known neuropsychological tests, and we also measured source memory for the encoding condition. Design : A mixed design was used with 30 healthy older adults, comparing their performance with 30 healthy younger adults. Each participant was asked to perform 16 simple instructions and to only read the other 16 instructions. The test phase included a free recall task. Participants were also tested with a set of neuropsychological measures. Results : The SPT effect was found for both age groups; but even for SPT materials, group differences in recall persisted. Source memory was found to be preserved for the two groups. Simple correlations suggested differences in correlates of SPT performance between the two groups. However, when controlling for age, the SPT and VT tasks correlate with each other, and a measure of episodic memory correlated moderately with both SPT and VT performance. Conclusions : A strong effect of SPT was observed for all but one, which still displayed the expected aging deficit. The correlations and source memory data suggest that the SPT and VT are possibly related in respect to their underlying processes, and SPT, instead of being an isolated process, is in connection with both the episodic memory and executive function processes. Under these circumstances, the SPT seems to contribute to an enhancement of the episodic memory trace, presumably from the multimodality it provides, without involving a separated set of cognitive mechanisms. Future research using more pure measures of other cognitive processes that could be related to SPT is necessary. Keywords : aging; subject performed task; memory for actions; episodic memory Responsible Editor: Mathieu Hainselin, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, France. (shrink)

O presente artigo examina a relação entre as noções de direitos humanos e a política democrática em face de sua fundamentação filosófica, tendo em vista a noção do que se convencionou chamar de Nova Ordem Mundial. Nesta perspectiva, apresenta-se, pelas lentes da teoria da Democracia radical e plural, postulada por Chantal Mouffe, as condições para se pensar uma ordem baseada na concepção chave do pluralismo. Para tanto, problematiza-se os principais argumentos da versão cosmopolita diante do pressuposto de pretensões de validade (...) universal, marcadamente presentes no pensamento de Jürgen Habermas enquanto obstáculo a uma política legítima dos direitos humanos. Esta leitura contribui para compreender as possibilidades dos avanços teóricos proporcionados pelo projeto multipolar proposto por Chantal Mouffe e identifica os principais obstáculos e meios possíveis para pensar uma política dos direitos humanos. (shrink)

Pretende-se centrar um argumento em torno da constituição do sujeito político a partir da reflexão desenvolvida por Rousseau impressa na vontade geral. A leitura que aqui se faz é no sentido da incorporação das noções traçadas pelo filósofo que permitem um delineamento da subjetividade enquanto elemento essencial à formação do político numa perspectiva da relação do ‘Eu’ com o ‘Outro’. Perspectiva que perpassa pelo entendimento que o autor expõe acerca da razão e dos sentimentos de humanidade e virtude em contraposição (...) à conjugação restrita entre razão e individualidade. De modo que, o desenvolvimento desta discussão vem corroborar e potencializar um entendimento sobre a vontade geral não consubstanciada numa unidade substancial do sujeito, mas no reconhecimento da existência de um ‘Outro’ materializado numa vontade reciprocamente expressa e, portanto, reconhecida enquanto vontade política. (shrink)

O presente estudo se propõe a discutir a relação entre a identidade política coletiva (populista) e a crise de representatividade das instituições de poder que consiste no paradoxo do poder constituinte, em sua estrutura conceitual, inspirada nas leituras de Jacques Rancière (1940) e Chantal Mouffe (1943).

O presente trabalho examina uma perspectiva hermenêutica do político presente no pensamento de Chantal Mouffe, cujo empreendimento se dá com o seu postulado em torno do que denomina por democracia radical e plural e da resultante desse postulado dentro de uma ordem cosmopolita da política e o reflexo do empreendimento dos direitos nesse sentido. A chave de leitura que orienta esta perspectiva advém da concepção do político realizada pela autora, em que o antagonismo é nuclear na formação da identidade plural (...) como forma de radicalização do político no contexto das diferenças entre o Eu e o Outro no plano político global. Aqui, os direitos devem ser considerados não do ponto de vista universal, mas das relações que são e devem ser sempre ressignificadas. Neste sentido, o político assume um caráter plural, inerente a condição mesma do social e se contrapõe ao projeto liberal de caráter universalista, racionalista e individualista, que não alcança as diferenças e com isso impossibilita uma leitura aberta do social enquanto modo de ressignificação do político. Por conseguinte, a possibilidade de sua ressignificação quanto à reinterpretação do social e também dos direitos, a partir das novas posições de sujeitos, está sempre aberta. Esse propósito tem o sentido de refletir o debate democrático em torno da relação entre o sujeito político do ponto de vista da universalidade dos direitos e a importância das diferenças nesta perspectiva. Tem-se em vista a proposta do projeto multipolar de Mouffe na construção das posições de sujeitos no âmbito cosmopolita, que não pode ser encarado de modo universal, mas da compreensão quanto a importância do antagonismo constitutivo das novas identidades. (shrink)

O presente texto tem como objetivo discutir expressões das masculinidades negras a partir da poética do rap na produção do rapper paulista Criolo.

Agostinho da Silva, de engajado filólogo a humanista militante e crítico: itinerário seareiro em tempos de formação do Salazarismo Resumo: Este estudo reconstitui o itinerário teórico-político de Agostinho da Silva entre os anos de 1928 e 1933, sobretudo através da análise de uma série de artigos que publicou na Seara Nova, relevante revista portuguesa de “doutrina e crítica”. À luz desse recorte temático-cronológico, o viés aqui privilegiado perspectiva: 1) uma parte pouco conhecida, porém representativa, da obra de juventude (...) de Agostinho da Silva, por meio da qual podemos conhecer a atuação de um jovem e polêmico filólogo, engajado numa ofensiva de renovação dos Estudos Clássicos em Portugal, ao arrepio do establishment intelectual; 2) a gestação do humanismo militante e crítico que, doravante, se estabelecerá como fundamento decisivo do seu pensamento e ação; e 3) a institucionalização coetânea, no plano macro-político, do Estado Novo de Antônio de Oliveira Salazar. Ao chegar às considerações finais, poderá o leitor compreender a forma como os três aspectos analisados ao longo do estudo encontram-se estreitamente articulados, na medida em que quedará demonstrado como a trajetória teórica e política do jovem pensador recapitula as grandes questões daquela conjuntura portuguesa e europeia do Entre-Guerras. Nesse sentido, a história do indivíduo, aqui, é também retrato condensado de uma época. Palavras-chave: Agostinho da Silva. Seara Nova. Crítica dos intelectuais e do salazarismo. Helenismo e humanismo. Modernização europeísta. Agostinho da Silva, from engaged philologist to militant and critical humanist: a Seara Nova collaborator’s path in times of formation of Salazarism: This study reconstructs the theoretical-political path of Agostinho da Silva between the years of 1928 and 1933, mainly through the analysis of a series of articles published in Seara Nova, a relevant Portuguese journal of “doctrine and criticism”. In the light of this thematic and chronological approach, the point of view distinguished here focuses on: 1) a little-known, but representative, part of Agostinho da Silva's youth work, through which we can know the performance of a young and polemical philologist, engaged in an offensive to renew the Classical Studies in Portugal, against the intellectual establishment; 2) the gestation of the militant and critical Humanism that will henceforth be established as the decisive foundation of his thought and action; and 3) the contemporary institutionalization, at the macro-political level, of the New State led by Antonio de Oliveira Salazar. Upon reaching the final considerations, the reader will be able to understand how the three aspects analyzed throughout the study are closely articulated, inasmuch as it will be demonstrated how the theoretical and political trajectory of the young thinker recapitulates the major issues of that Portuguese and European context of the interwar period. In this sense, the history of the individual, here, is also the condensed portrait of an era. Keywords: Agostinho da Silva. Seara Nova. Criticism of the intellectuals and of Salazarism. Hellenism and Humanism. Europeanist modernization. Agostinho da Silva, de filólogo comprometido a humanista militante y crítico: itinerario seareiro en tiempos de formación del Salazarismo Resumen: Este estudio reconstituye el itinerario teórico-político de Agostinho da Silva entre los años 1928 y 1933, sobre todo a través del análisis de una serie de artículos que publicó en Seara Nova, una relevante revista portuguesa de “doctrina y crítica”. A la luz de este abordaje temático-cronológico, el punto de vista aquí privilegiado enfoca: 1) una parte poco conocida pero representativa de la obra de juventud de Agostinho da Silva, a través de la cual podemos conocer la actuación de un joven y polémico filólogo, comprometido en una ofensiva para renovar los Estudios Clásicos en Portugal, contra el establishment intelectual; 2) la gestación del humanismo militante y crítico que en adelante se establecerá como la base decisiva de su pensamiento y acción; y 3) la institucionalización coetánea, a nivel macropolítico, del Estado Nuevo de Antonio de Oliveira Salazar. Al llegar a las consideraciones finales, el lector podrá comprender cómo se articulan estrechamente los tres aspectos analizados a lo largo del estudio, en la medida en que quedará demostrado cómo la trayectoria teórica y política del joven pensador recapitula las grandes cuestiones de aquella coyuntura portuguesa y europea de entreguerras. En este sentido, la historia del individuo, aquí, es también el retrato condensado de una época. Palabras clave: Agostinho da Silva. Seara Nova. Crítica de los intelectuales y del salazarismo. Helenismo y humanismo. Modernización europeísta. Data de registro: 20/03/2020Data de aceite: 23/09/2020. (shrink)

In a recent opinion paper, it was argued that individuals with multiple retractions or a record of academic misconduct should not serve as editors, including as editors-in-chief, on the editorial boards of scholarly or academic journals. As a first step towards appreciating how such a policy could be applied in practice, the presence of 30 individuals listed on the Retraction Watch Leaderboard on editorial boards was screened. Six cases are highlighted to gain an appreciation of the potential reputational risks that (...) journals and publishers might incur by including individuals with a tainted academic record on editorial boards. Given the reputational, legal and other risks associated with this type of assessment and decision, more formal positioning and guidance are needed by global ethics policy-related bodies such as COPE, the ICMJE, and the CSE, even more so in journals that claim to follow these organizations’ ethical guidelines. (shrink)

This article assesses the similarity and difference between the Western European style of doing bioethics and the Scandinavian one. First, it reviews the introductory article by the editor, C. Delkeskamp-Hayes in the first issue of Christian Bioethics (2008), devoted to the possibility of a specifically Christian bioethics in Europe. Second, it analyses bioethics debates in Scandinavian today. In light of Delkeskamp-Hayes' article, the main similarity is that both regions are facing secularization as a threat to basic Christian values, for example, (...) to the Christian view of the sanctity and dignity of the human life. But the Scandinavian tends to reduce Christian bioethics to Luther's concept of the worldly kingdom, supposed to foster a dialogue between Christians and non-Christians on controversial ethical issues. Despite the positive value of the dialogue, this strategy renders Christian ethics powerless. Third, from an evangelical theological standpoint, it proposes some strategies for enhancing the influence of Christian commitments on bioethical laws and policies. (shrink)

:The bulk of Mel Gibson's output as filmmaker consists of a trilogy on historical subjects: Braveheart, The Passion and Apocalypto. This article points to a degree of imaginative consistency underlying Gibson's work. It seeks to acknowledge a personal vision of the nature and significance of human events – a vision articulated through the choice of recurring cinematic techniques and visual-thematic motifs. All three films inculcate a sense of history as fundamentally dependent on acts of ritualization, at the centre of which (...) lies the sacrifice of the individual. They share an authorial vision which hinges upon the question of death and transcendence. Gibson's oeuvre foregrounds the conviction that human experience is patterned in accordance with archetypal narratives whose seemingly universal validity is suggested by the presentation of cross-cultural analogues in successive films. (shrink)

Bottom of the Pyramid organizations are the ones that develop a set of capabilities that contribute to create short- and long-term sustainability values inside and outside the boundaries of BoP ecosystems. Capabilities have an important role in BoP organizations’ strategies that aim to solve BoP issues. Notwithstanding its developments, BoP research still lacks theoretical contributions for the analysis of organizations. We suggest special attention to the need of advancing knowledge on capabilities of BoP organizations because this field is scattered and (...) fragmented, misinterpreted, and still underdeveloped in the literature. We oriented our research formulating and seeking answers to our main question on what are the capabilities needed to enable organizations to create sustainability values in BoP ecosystems? We conducted an integrative review of BoP research for the period from 1998 to 2019, and we found 22 key capabilities of BoP organizations. We organized the capabilities into four major categories including BoP Responsible Consumption, BoP Responsible Business Model, BoP Responsible Management, and BoP Responsible Innovation. We advanced propositions and discussions regarding the capabilities and major categories’ popularity, interdependence and combination, short- and long-term temporal functions, sustainability roles, and effectiveness to address BoP issues. Our article organizes the field of capabilities of BoP organizations; advances contributions and implications for management, organizations, and policymaking; and opens fruitful avenues for future research. (shrink)

The article is about the freedom in Rousseau splitting of two basic ideas. The first is that the freedom existed markedly in the natural man and the second is this man came to lose it along his history, when by far historical processes constituted in society. The text proposes a discussion – from the reading of two works of Rousseau, Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men and The Social Contract – of the possibility of a return (...) to freedom in civil society, where perceives the opportunity of this rescue. For Rousseau, the man in the state of nature lived happy and in peace, whereas in the state of society there is a predominance of the inequality between the men: the moral inequality. The social pact is guarantee of the life in society and of the convergence of interests of his members. A pact by the freedom of the individual and by the democratic society. (shrink)

This paper explores that the topic of ethics dumping, its causes and potential remedies. In ED, the weaknesses or gaps in ethics policies and systems of lower income countries are intentionally exploited for intellectual or financial gains through research and publishing by higher income countries with a more stringent or complex ethical infrastructure in which such research and publishing practices would not be permitted. Several examples are provided. Possible ED needs to be evaluated before research takes place, and detected prior (...) to publication as an academic paper, because it might lead to a collaborative effort between a wealthier country with restrictive ethical policies and a less wealthy country with more permissive policies. Consequently, if that collaboration ultimately results in an academic paper, there are ethical ramifications of ED to scholarly communication. Institutional review board approval is central to avoid ED-based collaborations. Blind trust and goodwill alone cannot eliminate the exploitation of indigenous or “vulnerable” populations’ intellect and resources. Combining community-based participatory research using clear codes of research conduct and a simple but robust verification system in academic publishing may reduce the risks of ED-based research from being published. (shrink)

In this paper, we set out to show that the relationships between individuals, including the intersubjectivity inherent to the body politic, are also affective relationships, so as to reconstruct Spinoza’s minimalist theory of tolerance. According to Spinoza’s concept of affectivity and bodily life, affection refers to a state of the affected body and implies the presence of the affecting body, while affect refers to the transition from one state to another, taking into account the correlative variation of affective bodies, that (...) is, the affect is always a passage or variation in the intensity of our power to exist and act—the increase or decrease, the favoring or the restraint of our power to exist and act. We argue that Spinoza’s geometry of affective relations decisively contributes to a political theory of democracy, insofar as it anticipates modern, liberal conceptions of tolerance. (shrink)

Journal of Social Philosophy, EarlyView.

As part of a continuous process to explore the factors that might weaken or corrupt traditional peer review, in this paper, we query the ethics, fairness and validity of the request, by editors, of authors to suggest peer reviewers during the submission process. One of the reasons for the current crisis in science pertains to a loss in trust as a result of a flawed peer review which is by nature biased unless it is open peer review. As we indicate, (...) the fact that some editors and journals rely on authors’ suggestions in terms of who should peer review their paper already instills a potential way to abuse the trust of the submission and publishing system. An author-suggested peer reviewer choice might also tempt authors to seek reviewers who might be more receptive or sympathetic to the authors’ message or results, and thus favor the outcome of that paper. Authors should thus not be placed in such a potentially ethically compromising situation, especially as a mandatory condition for submission. However, the fact that they do not have an opt-out choice during the submission process—especially when using an online submission system that makes such a suggestion compulsory—may constitute a violation of authors’ rights. (shrink)

Retractions of COVID-19 literature in both preprints and the peer-reviewed literature serve as a reminder that there are still challenging issues underlying the integrity of the biomedical literature. The risks to academia become larger when such retractions take place in high-ranking biomedical journals. In some cases, retractions result from unreliable or nonexistent data, an issue that could easily be avoided by having open data policies, but there have also been retractions due to oversight in peer review and editorial verification. As (...) COVID-19 continues to affect academics and societies around the world, failures in peer review might also constitute a public health risk. The effectiveness by which COVID-19 literature is corrected, including through retractions, depends on the stringency of measures in place to detect errors and to correct erroneous literature. It also relies on the stringent implementation of open data policies. (shrink)

Este texto objetiva mostrar no contexto das mídias digitais em rede, a experiência de interação baseada no diálogo entre a Rádio Comunitária Cidadã FM e o programa Vaidapé na Rua que integra a programação semanal da emissora localizada na região Oeste do município de São Paulo. Partindo da compreensão das dinâmicas dialógicas e discursivas inerentes aos processos comunicacionais e estudadas pelo jornalista e teórico Vilém Flusser, o texto objetiva evidenciar as possibilidades que um ambiente comunicacional pode desencadear para uma prática (...) efetivamente comunitária. Para a compreensão sobre a rádio comunitária na conhecida “sociedade em rede”, o texto situa brevemente o surgimento e desenvolvimento do movimento das rádios comunitárias no Brasil, iniciado nas últimas duas décadas do século XX, quando motivadas pelas experiências das rádios livres, atuaram na luta contra a opressão dos poderes estatal e econômico e pela democratização do acesso aos meios de comunicação de massa. Além da pesquisa bibliográfica, o estudo recorre à pesquisa documental e de campo na realização de entrevistas qualitativas. Conclui-se que além da necessária desmitificação tecnológica e sua apropriação popular, a dinâmica dialógica em equilíbrio com a discursiva atua para o surgimento de ambientes comunicacionais propícios para o compartilhamento de conhecimentos e prática da cidadania. (shrink)

The definition of the technique as the mediation between man and nature raises some philosophical problems. Such mediation was established based on imperatives, among which we can highlight efficiency and domination, both exercised over nature. In order to expand the possibilities for improving the human condition, the notion of technical progress has become an emerging need for the consolidation of ancient and modern civilizations. However, it is necessary to establish the criteria for a critique of the limits of unrestrained progress (...) in order to be able to highlight the ambiguity of this process. The development of reality goes through a series of increasingly sophisticated domains without which the objective achievements that structure human life would not be possible. As it oscillates more and more rapidly between production and destruction, technology - understood as the applied discourse of technique - accuses its own limit when submitted to the imperative of efficiency and domination. The purpose of this paper is to show that the ambiguous consequences of technical progress work as an instinctive mechanism for both the welfare state and the state of war. The methodology used to address these issues will be the clash of ideas present in the studies of thinkers who reflected the theme of the technique. Our conclusion, in addition to pointing to a reflection on the limits of technique in human life, intends to rethink the unfolding of the imperatives of a civilization guided by the notion of technical progress and its inevitable contradiction with the notion of human progress. (shrink)

Em A utilidade do inútil do filósofo italiano Nuccio Ordine retoma um tema tradicional e inesgotável: o valor da educação e sua relação com a cultura. Ordine identifica que vivemos uma profunda crise cultural, que assola a Escola e a Universidade. Ambas padecem diante do avanço de uma mentalidade utilitarista, praticista e produtivista, motivada pela lógica implacável do lucro. Tais espaços, que deveriam ser de formação intelectual e humanística, se convertem em empresas capitalistas em formar não cidadãos críticos e livres (...) pensadores, mas mão de obra especializada para o mercado de trabalho e consumo. (shrink)

Le conflit d’interprétation, associé aux aspects de la santé, de la contamination radioactive et des indemnisations, est toujours d’actualité dans le monde. Dans cette analyse, l’auteure avance que les expériences subjectives apportées par les récits construits par les survivants du désastre de Goiânia, au Brésil, défient les identités et les frontières définies par la biomédecine pour encadrer cette catastrophe.

In this paper, I intend to explore the 16th century Italian work entitled Divisione della filosofia (1895) by the writer Benedetto Varchi, by reflecting on concepts raised and discussed throughout the history of philosophy, such as art and science, while making a thorough analysis of the text and the conceptions exposed by the historian. From a historical-philosophical point of view, I intend to investigate a varchian corpus from the Renaissance period, thus, I examine the statements and inferences of the Florentine (...) writer, in order to make explicit his vision concerning the division and hierarchization of the areas of theoretical and practical knowledge of Philosophy. I then conclude how the classification that summarizes more than two thousand years of notions coming from Greek, medieval and renaissance philosophies could help in the formulation of the functions of knowledge and how they relate to the practical life of individuals in the Renaissance period. (shrink)

Multiple authorship is the universal solution to multi-tasking in the sciences. Without a team, each with their own set of expertise, and each involved mostly in complementary ways, a research project will likely not advance quickly, or effectively. Consequently, there is a risk that research goals will not be met within a desired timeframe. Research teams that strictly scrutinize their modus operandi select and include a set of authors that have participated substantially in the physical undertaking of the research, in (...) its planning, or who have contributed intellectually to the ideas or the development of the manuscript. Authorship is not an issue that is taken lightly, and save for dishonest authors, it is an issue that is decided collectively by the authors, usually in sync with codes of conduct established by their research institutes or national ministries of education. Science, technology and medicine publishers have, through independent, or sometimes coordinated efforts, also established their own sets of guidelines regarding what constitutes valid authorship. However, these are, for the greater part, merely guidelines. A previous and recent analysis of authorship definitions indicates that the definitions in place regarding authorship and its validity by many leading STM publishers is neither uniform, nor standard, despite several of them claiming to follow the guidelines as set forward by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors or ICMJE. This disparity extends itself to ghost and guest authorship, two key authorship-related issues that are examined in this paper to assess the extent of discrepancies among the same set of STM publishers and what possible influence they might have on publishing ethics. (shrink)

The development of educational technologies is enhancing a distinctive feature of learning environments: the learner’s personalized environment. However, the current literature in e-learning seems to neglect an important discussion: will individuals and organizations face an enhancement concerning ethical dilemmas due to this evolution? To promote this discussion, this paper builds on a consideration of e-learning definition and its ethical dilemmas, and human-centred learning concept and its dimensions, to examine the implications of integrating social and cultural contexts. By examining the evolution (...) of e-learning management systems the argument progresses to a discussion of the relationships between pedagogy and ethics. By framing evidence at different scales, the authors critically reflect on the ethical dilemmas embedded in e-learning systems. The discussion concludes with advocating the adoption of an extension of “three P” mode of pedagogy to become the “P3E” model: personalization, participation, productivity, lecturer’s ethics, learner’s ethics, and organizational ethics. (shrink)

Este trabalho pretende apresentar alguns pontos do pensamento filosófico de Gumbrecht sobre a presença, especialmente, com relação às possibilidades da linguagem. A partir desse logos propõe-se uma crítica introdutória aos conceitos de coisa, de sujeito/objeto, de visão cartesiana do mundo, demonstrando, a partir do autor analisado, as possibilidades de tangibilidade por meio da linguagem e o que isso representa em face dos paradigmas vigentes das ciências instituídas. Através de pesquisa bibliográfica, viu-se que a teoria da linguagem de Gumbrecht é subsídio (...) importante para a reflexão transdisciplinar, etnometodológica e etnoecológica; pode contribuir para um aprofundamento conceitual da “visão dionisíaca de mundo” de Nietzsche e Maffesoli; da “Geografia Humana” e do etnoconceito de “lugar” de Yi-Fu Tuan; dos conceitos de “abertura”, “lida”, “práxis”, “linguagem”, “Dasein”, “Ser-no-mundo” de Heidegger; de “adaptabilidade” de Moran e de “autopoiesis” e da fenomenologia biológica de Maturana. (shrink)

O presente estudo encontra-se inserido mais diretamente nas linhas de pesquisa de História da Filosofia Moderna e do Pensamento Ético-Político, temos alguns estudos filosóficos sobre o pacifismo erasmiano na “Queixa da Paz” como aqueles realizados por Meulen (1990), Hoffmann (2000), Kinsella e Carr (2007), Martín e Chornet (2007), Dungen (2008) e Christi (2009).

À la croisée de la philosophie et de l’histoire de l’art, Bernard Teyssèdre a ouvert des champs de recherche très divers, ce qui a suscité l’enthousiasme de ses étudiants, mais aussi déconcerté ceux qui restaient attachés à leur pré carré disciplinaire. Présenter aujourd’hui son parcours intellectuel revient à faire redécouvrir certains de ses travaux oubliés en esthétique afin de montrer leur singularité et leur cohérence profondément hégélienne, bien que ses recherches aient pris des formes très différentes et abordés avec érudition (...) des domaines très éloignés les uns des autres. Sans oublier de situer philosophiquement des aspects moins connus de ses activités, littéraires, artistiques et aussi institutionnelles avec sa contribution déterminante au développement de la discipline esthétique et à l’introduction des arts plastiques à l’université. Ce panorama n’aurait pas été complet si n’était pas signalée la place de ses recherches en paléontologie restées longtemps secrètes et a priori fort éloignées de l’esthétique. Alors que Bernard Teyssèdre avait publié en 2007 une nouvelle édition de son Roman de l’Origine revue et augmentée (et que Thierry Savatier était sur le point de publier une nouvelle édition de L’Origine du monde, Histoire d’un tableau de Gustave Courbet ), Jean Da Silva lui apprit qu’une photographie du tableau exposé au musée d’Orsay avait circulé en France pendant une vingtaine d’années avant d’être publiée en 1953 dans des revues oubliées ; ce qui bouleversait l’idée que l’on avait encore en 2009 de la connaissance de ce tableau. S’ensuivit ensuite un jeu de piste à deux, sur le blog, par courriels et au téléphone. (shrink)

Authors endure considerable hardship carrying out biomedical research, from generating ideas to completing their manuscripts and submitting their findings and data (as is increasingly required) to a journal. When researchers submit to journals, they entrust their findings and ideas to editors and peer reviewers who are expected to respect the confidentiality of peer review. Inherent trust in peer review is built on the ethical conduct of authors, editors and reviewers, and on the respect of this confidentiality. If such confidentiality is (...) breached by unethical reviewers who might steal or plagiarize the authors’ ideas, researchers will lose trust in peer review and may resist submitting their findings to that journal. Science loses as a result, scientific and medical advances slow down, knowledge may become scarce, and it is unlikely that increasing bias in the literature will be detected or eliminated. In such a climate, society will ultimately be deprived from scientific and medical advances. Despite a rise in documented cases of abused peer review, there is still a relative lack of qualitative and quantitative studies on reviewer-related misconduct, most likely because evidence is difficult to come by. Our paper presents an assessment of editors’ and reviewers’ responsibilities in preserving the confidentiality of manuscripts during the peer review process, in response to a 2016 case of intellectual property theft by a reviewer. Our main objectives are to propose additional measures that would offer protection of authors’ intellectual ideas from predatory reviewers, and increase researchers’ awareness of the responsible reviewing of journal articles and reporting of biomedical research. (shrink)

A mecânica quântica empreendeu a substituição do materialismo científico, por uma visão cada vez mais “formal” da natureza, dentro da qual a própria matéria seria uma conseqüência física de um outro estado natural que precede o nível das partículas subatômicas, constituído por relações de simetrias, forças e processos, para além das possibilidades observacionais, e ao alcance, tão somente, da reflexão racional pura. Além disto, a Física Contemporânea trabalha com conceitos e problemas filosóficos de extrema importância, como “Causalidade”, “Origem da Matéria”, (...) “Constituição do Cosmos”, “Limites e Possibilidades do Conhecimento”, “Objetividade”, e “Determinismo”, de modo que uma investigação filosófica deste campo científico tão marcado pela Filosofia faz-se muito relevante para compreendermos a atual visão que a ciência tem da natureza e qual a filosofia subjacente à física contemporânea. (shrink)

It is rare that we have Arthur Schopenhauer and Thomas Hobbes in the same publication, and when this occurs, it is usually aimed at exploring their dissenting political views. However, this study is based on the belief that both philosophers have significant similarities in their theories about the creation of the individual as a human being. Schopenhauer and Hobbes have, in their constructions, the pessimistic view of human nature and, furthermore, there are prominent similarities in the construction of the human (...) machinery, similarities that at times appear to merge. The goals that Hobbes and Schopenhauer had when they wrote their works were different, however, what we show in this study is that pessimism is a prolific path for philosophical theory. (shrink)